Станислав Монюшко, польский и белорусский композитор, создатель польской и белорусской национальной оперы.
Жизнь и творчество.
Родился в фольварке Убель Игуменского уезда Минской губернии (ныне Червенский район Беларуси), в котором обосновался после русской кампании Наполеона его отец — Чеслав Монюшко, капитан полка литовских конных стрелков, который завершил свою военную карьеру адъютантом при штабе маршала Мюрата. Мать — Елизавета Маджарская, армянка по национальности, правнучка Яна Маджарского (Аванес Маджаранц), создавшего производство слуцких поясов.
Музыке Станислав Монюшко учился у матери. Позднее, обучаясь в школе пиаров в Варшаве, Монюшко брал уроки у Августа Фрейера (фортепиано, орган; 1827—1830). Затем музыкальное образование было усовершенствовано у Доминика Стефановича (композиция) в Минске (1830—1837) и у Карла Фридриха Рунгенхагена (композиция, хоровое дирижирование) в Берлине (1837—1840).
В Вильно приехал впервые в 1836 году. В 1840 году, завершив образование, женился в Вильне на Александре Мюллер. До 1858 года жил в Вильне. Служил органистом в костёле Святых Иоаннов. Кроме того, Монюшко давал уроки фортепиано и композиции (среди его учеников был и будущий известный композитор Цезарь Кюи).
После получения образования работал органистом в костеле Святых Иоаннов, а для дополнительного заработка давал частные уроки. Но все это явно не соответствовало амбициям Монюшки.
В 1842 году побывал в Санкт-Петербурге, предприняв неудавшуюся попытку получить место придворного композитора в оперном театре. В 1849 и 1856 годах давал в Санкт-Петербурге авторские концерты. Был знаком с русскими композиторами М. И. Глинкой, А. С. Даргомыжским, А. Н. Серовым, которые высоко ценили его творчество. С 1850 года Монюшко дирижировал в виленском городском театре на оперных спектаклях.
С 1858 года жил в Варшаве, был дирижёром Большого театра (польск. Teatr Wielki), в 1864—1872 годах профессор Музыкального института.
Свое первое сочинение написал в 1838 году – «Три песни» на слова Адама Мицкевича. С 1842 года активно начал сочинять песни, которые заложили основы польской национальной песни. За свою жизнь он сочинил более 400 композиций.
Но, конечно же, главная заслуга Монюшко – создание традиций национальной белорусской и польской опер. Первая написанная им опера «Галька» была с успехом представлена в Вильне в 1848 году. В своем творчестве активно сотрудничал с белорусским писателем Винцентом Дуниным-Марцинкевичем. Благодаря их совместному творчеству родилась опера «Идиллия» полностью на белорусском языке. Ее премьера состоялась в Минске 9 февраля 1852 года. Кстати, этот показ проходил в Минском городском театре, который находился на месте сегодняшней гостиницы «Европа».
С 1858 года Монюшко поселился в Варшаве. В 1864-1872 году был директором Института музыки. Умер, когда ему исполнилось всего 53 года.
Память.
В Минске на здании гимназии, в которой учился Станислав Монюшко, установлена памятная таблица, в Вильнюсе на улице Немецкой (Вокечю, Vokiečių) на доме Мюллера, в котором жил композитор, установлена памятная табличка. Имя Монюшко носит улица на Жверинасe в Вильнюсе. В сквере у костёла Святой Екатерины в 1922 году был установлен памятник композитору.
В честь Монюшко названы улицы во многих городах Польши, а также в Минске, в Гродно, Кривом Роге и в Харькове.
Главная заслуга — создание национальной польской оперы (написал свыше 15 опер). Первая опера — «Галька». Либретто оперетт «Рекрутский набор» (1841 или 1842), «Борьба музыкантов» (1840-е годы), опер «Чудесная вода» (1840-е годы), «Сельская идиллия» (1846) написал В. И. Дунин-Марцинкевич. Премьера оперы «Сельская идиллия» состоялась в Минском городском театре в феврале 1852 года.
Монюшко писал также музыку к постановкам пьес «Гамлет» и «Венецианский купец» Уильяма Шекспира, «Разбойники» Фридриха Шиллера, «Карпатские горцы» Юзефа Коженёвского, «Лилля Венеда» Юлиуша Словацкого.
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